Rather than having moving maritime boundaries, the baseline is fixed to begin at the low-water line along the coast. 4 hours ago. Non-Discrimination | He later worked as a teacher, researcher, and politician, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in the UK during the early 20th century. States can conduct activities in the Area so long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration. I feel like its a lifeline. Admiralty Law is in effect "High Seas" or international waters: The LOSC specifically defines the various maritime zones and features. Nations may also exercise an exclusive economic zone out to 322 kilometers (200 miles) where they may develop natural resources.Under international law, a territory is an essential part of the definition of a state. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Territorial Waters. It has also been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). Ratzel argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. In some cases, boundary disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, while in other cases, they may escalate into military conflict or other forms of violence. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. Unlike a publicly traded corporation, the Assembly is the supreme body for setting policy in the Authority. answer. It identified which resources and how much each country was entitled to and the laws necessary to conserve the ocean's integrity. Territorial Sea. Up until the mid-20th century, the basis for international laws of the sea was a book called The Freedom of the Seas, written by Dutch philosopher and juror Hugo Grotius. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned. Geography of Denmark. Rising sea levels could effectively downgrade the status of some islands to that of rocks or low-tide elevations that would deny their owners an EEZ. The LOSC provides that straight baselines must conform to the general direction of the coast and the sea area lying with the lines must be closely linked to the coast.15 Straight baselines cannot be drawn across low-tide elevations (see definition below). According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive, and he argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Since the ratification of the LOSC, there has been limited activity in relation to these provisions.13. At the same time, the control of territory can be used as a means of exercising political power, as the ability to regulate and control the use of a particular piece of land or water can give a group or individual a great deal of influence over those who depend on it. The dispute has arisen from competing claims over island chains in the region by nations such as China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, among others. The UNCLOS also establishes a framework for the management of marine resources, including provisions on the rights of states to explore and exploit the resources of the seabed, the rights of states to fish in the high seas, and the rights of states to protect the marine environment. An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a sea zone over which a state has the right to exploit, conserve, and manage the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the seabed, subsoil, and water column. The current version of UNCLOS was completed in 1982 and went into effect in 1994. Power and Influence of Interest Groups in the European Union, Evolution of the Contemporary Political Map, The Role of Non-State Entities & International Organizations in World Conflicts. A fragmented state is a state that __________. The right of innocent passage for foreign vessels within the territorial sea of a coastal State is defined as "navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of (a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or (b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call In 1933, a convention took place among many of the nations of the Americas in Montevideo, Uruguay. Create your account, 18 chapters | Ratzel is known for his work on the concept of Lebensraum, which he developed in his book "Political Geography" (1897). is physically divided into several distinct segments, is highly centralized and often appears in the shape of a square, acts as a deterrent that prevents conflict between two much larger states, is completely surrounded by the territory of another state. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Other States can harvest non- sedentary living resources, such as finfish; lay submarine cables and pipelines; and conduct marine research as if it were international waters (see below).10 As with the EEZ, continental shelf rights do not grant a State the right to restrict navigation.11. Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? To prevent this, the LOSC defines a bay as a well-marked indentation [where] its area is as large as, or larger than, that of a semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.18 The amount of control a State has over a bay is based on the distance between the low-water line on either side of the bays entrance. The Organic Theory was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its easy to draw lines on a map and mark territory, but these lines are oftentimes not as well defined in real life. The EEZ is an important concept in international law, as it establishes the rights and responsibilities of states in relation to the use of the oceans and the exploitation of marine resources. Many wars have been started by landlocked countries seeking to carve a path to the ocean through another country's territory. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. Extradition Overview, Laws & Examples | What is Extradition? Cultural Hearth Overview & Examples | What is a Cultural Hearth? AP Human Geography Unit 4. The CLCS is discussed in more detail in Chapter Eight: The Arctic and the LOSC. Other rights and duties provided for under international law. Create your account. Guam is an example of an occupied territory. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. 2. If the entrance is equal to or less than 24 miles wide at low-tide, then a State may draw a straight baseline across the entrance, effectively making the entire bay internal waters. It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. These zones give coastal States different jurisdictional rights. Islands do not need to be inhabited to create those maritime zones; they only need to be capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life. The Law of the Sea sets regulations for countries to follow concerning use of the ocean. Most African & Asian colonies became independent after WWII. An internal boundary is a line or border that divides one area or entity into two or more smaller areas or entities. In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. Protection of human life 70 Article 147. Australia: It stands third in the matter of area which comes under EEZ area, and is behind the countries of the United States of America and France and leads in this regard over Russia. This method allows States to draw its boundary 60 miles from the foot of the shelfs slope.8 This expanded continental shelf cannot, however, exceed (i) 350 miles from the baseline or (ii) 100 miles from the 2,500-meter isobath.9. The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. The geographic term for a country that is completely surrounded by the territory of more than one other country and has no direct access to the sea is landlocked. Being landlocked is generally considered to be a major disadvantage for a country because that countrymust rely on another country for any goods that are transported by sea. Even small islands, such as the Spratly Islands, which total 1.5 square miles in size, can project hundreds of square nautical miles of exclusive economic control over the South China Sea. These rights are described in detail in Chapter Three: Freedom of Navigation. This would have allowed Libya a much larger area to restrict navigation and overflight. Disputes can be resolved in a number of ways, including through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration. Since they are not naturally occurring, artificial features do not create a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, or continental shelf. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Edit. States have the right to construct artificial islands, installations and structures within their EEZ.22 Owners of such artificial features are permitted to establish reasonable safety zones, usually not to exceed 500 meters (1649 feet) or acceptable standards from international safety organizations such as the International Maritime Organization. 200 . The Territorial Sea includes 12 miles of complete sovereignty away from the coast. Another 19 kilometers (12 miles) out comprises a contiguous zone for sovereign states, in which some control can be exercised (usually police and public-safety functions). Study free AP Human Geography flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 created by pdeanna to improve your grades. The vast majority of States have established territorial seas at the 12 nautical mile limit, but a handful have established shorter thresholds. The. A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n) ___________. The practical effect of straight baselines is that they push a States maritime borders outward. The United Nations (UN) Charter likewise provides that member states must keep from using forceor even the threat of forceagainst the territorial integrity of any state.However, territory and sovereignty over territory may be acquired by other means. Types of political boundaries include relic, superimposed, subsequent, antecedent, geometric, and consequent boundaries. Territorial sea: for coastal states, the territorial sea can extend up to 12 nautical miles (13.81 mi/22km) from the shoreline, with complete sovereignty of all the sea's resources, including seabed and subsoil, as well as the airspace directly above it. The EEZ is a maritime zone established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that extends 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) from the baseline of a coastal state. It resulted in the "Scramble for Africa," and the subjugation of African nations. Territorial sea is defined under the UNCLOS as the 12-nautical mile zone from the baseline or low-water line along the coast. The high seas are the waters and oceans outside the territorial jurisdiction of any individual state. Although not a signatory of LOSC, The U.S. established an EEZ by Presidential Proclamation in 1983. Living resources, such as fish, are available for exploitation by any vessel from any State. In order to expand, China seized one of the island chains called the Paracels from Vietnam in 1974. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. A rock in the LOSC is defined as an island that is unable to support human habitation or economic life. Main Phone +1 617-627-3700, Disclaimer | The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. Which of these is an example of an elongated state? With the goal of sovereignty over these islands, these nations are competing to gain many miles of territory and exclusive economic zone. *DIAGRAM!! Two classic examples are Italy, which completely surrounds San Marino and the Vatican, and South Africa, which completely surrounds Lesotho. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. Political power and territoriality can also be closely related in the sense that the control of territory can be used as a way of asserting or defending political power. Disputes may involve issues such as money, property, rights, or values, and they may involve conflicting interests or viewpoints. There are some theories that aim to explain this. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is up to 200 nautical miles to explore in and extract materials from. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Possible Answers: None of these answers is correct. Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a State on the oceans surface and floor.3 It does not provide air and space rights. An exclave is a region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country, usually by the borders of another country. This is the primary distinction between internal waters and territorial seas. Despite its criticisms, Ratzel's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. The Organic Theory asserts that a nation's power and prosperity are determined by the size and quality of its territory. (available at: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The U.S. As the only federal program dedicated to exploring our deep ocean, the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research plays a key role in this work. To understand the untapped potential of U.S. ocean and coastal areas, the federal government has developed several strategies and recommendations to advance mapping, exploration, and characterization of our nations EEZ. Map created by NOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information. AP Human Geography AMSCO Vocabulary - Unit 4 Political Geography Using the Quizlet Vocabulary Link for Unit 4 Political Geography, review all the terms provided. It was an influential theory that sought to explain the relationship between a nation's population, territory, and power. 8 AP Human Notes Political geography - the study of power Cooperation & conflict are the jet fuel of power Political space - a balance of cooperation (holding a state together) & conflict (internal diversity like independence movements may place strains on the state) States have REGIONS (administrative regions), sub-state regions (provinces, etc.) / 56.000N 10.000E / 56.000; 10.000. Copy and Edit. An error occurred trying to load this video. Share. Civil Suit Overview & Types | What is a Civil Suit? These movements can lead to disputes over borders, and in some cases, to military conflict or other forms of violence. 5030 of March 10, 1983). As seen in the graphic below, the LOSC divides the ocean into six different zones: Internal waters are all the waters that fall landward of the baseline, such as lakes, rivers, and tidewaters. The convention produced a set of international laws that seeks to maintain international order and the enforcement of rules at sea. The Law of the Sea provides rules for the use of the oceans by nations regarding topics such as how marine resources need to be managed and conserved. With more 3.4 million square nautical miles (4 million square miles) of ocean, the U.S. EEZ is larger than the land area of all 50 states combined and is one of the largest EEZs in the world. Privacy | This was a doctrine that took effect in the 17th century and customarily limited each coastal nation's claims to three miles of territorial water off of their coast. Most islands in Pacific or Caribbean. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. The low-water line is derived from the coastal States own charts.1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration What is the law of the sea? Within the EEZ, the coastal state has the right to explore and exploit, and conserve and manage, the natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and water column, and to establish and use artificial islands, installations, and structures. Save. It stretches a long way in one direction (either north-south or east-west) and a very short way in the other direction. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. As an international body, the Authority also includes an Assembly of representatives from each nation which functions like a large Board of Directors. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. These include: To accommodate deeply indented coastline and fringes of islands along the coast, the LOSC allows for use of straight baselines.14 These baselines, drawn between features and coastline to created straight lines, allow States to create fixed points to deal with the wild distance variances caused by such features. The Heartland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. The term high sea means two things: 1) No state can legally impose its rule on any part of the water and 2) Every part of the sea outside a territorial boundary is a high sea. As technology progressed after the 19th century, nations realized that they not only had to protect their local fish stocks but other resources, such as offshore oil fields. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it. States with river mouths are permitted to draw a straight baseline between the low-water lines on each bank.17. If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. States may claim an EEZ that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. It was eventually discarded because of issues with increased pollution and the plundering of natural resources. The intention was to define each country and its control over the ocean specifically. States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. Ratzel was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, and studied natural sciences, history, and philosophy at the University of Munich. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. By measuring the thickness of sedimentary rocks, the edge of the shelf is drawn where sedimentary rocks become less than 1 percent of the thickness of the soil. These elevations do not create any zones of maritime control on their own.21 If a low-tide elevation falls within the boundary of a States territorial sea as measured from the mainland or an island, that State may draw a baseline from the low-water line of the low-tide elevation rather than from the shore. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. Spykman is considered one of the founders of the discipline of geopolitics and is known for his work on the concept of the "Rimland," which he developed in his book "The Geography of the Peace" (1944). Boundary disputes can arise for a variety of reasons, such as changes in political or economic conditions, conflicting interpretations of treaties or agreements, or competing claims to natural resources or strategic territory. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia).