Iron deficiency causes tiredness, weakness, poor concentration, and dry skin and nails. Trace Elem. Wang, Z. et al. developing sometimes during pregnancy or in those on estrogen therapy and regressing with hormone withdrawal. By talking with your doctor about your diet and medical history, your doctor may gain enough information to determine whether additional testing is needed. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. J. Formos. Biomed. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. These tests may include the following: Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose the cause of iron deficiency, or your doctor may be concerned that there is a problem other than iron deficiency causing the anemia. 27, 650656 (2004). The Hormonal treatment, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Yangyang Chen. Instead, estrogen may worsen a condition or symptom you already have, including: There are three types of estrogen that your body makes. We found that Tf levels are elevated by iron deficiency and estrogen administration, suggesting an association between Tf-upregulation, iron deficiency National Library of Medicine Iron deficiency anemia can manifest with [ 9 ]: Fatigue Headache Dizziness Shortness of breath Elevated heart rate (tachycardia) 2012 Jun;13(6):401-6. doi: 10.1714/1073.11757. (3) describes a mechanism by which estradiol could increase iron absorption and iron release from storage cells. Carocci, A., Catalano, A., Sinicropi, M. S. & Genchi, G. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: the involvement of iron. Effects of oestradiol-17 on small intestine iron absorption and iron uptake into blood and liver. Your body needs estrogen for your reproductive, cardiovascular and bone health. In some cases, if the cause cannot be identified or corrected, the patient may have to receive supplemental iron on an ongoing basis. J. Diabetes Investig. In contrast, estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women has been reported to have no effect on iron homeostasis (7) or to correspond with lower serum iron levels and higher total iron binding capacity (9). Kinnunen, T. I., Luoto, R., Helin, A. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were used as markers of oxidative stress injury. White Blood Cells: Markers of Infection or Inflammation Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between iron index and HOMA-IR; after BMI correction, the results showed that SF is positively related to HOMA-IR in two groups (P<0.05); the same trend occurred in TS and HOMA-IR (P<0.05) (Table 4). Estrogen deficiency promotes metabolic dysfunction predisposing to obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Estrogen doesnt necessarily cause these conditions. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Disclaimer. This is due to reduced and compromised red blood cells that naturally cannot carry the required levels of oxygen to the organs which, in turn, cannot function efficiently. According to the standard formulated by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), GDM can be diagnosed as FPG5.1mmol/L, 1-h blood glucose10.0mmol/L, and 2-h blood glucose8.5mmol/L9. PMC Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! (3) provides preclinical evidence for a clear and compelling mechanism, by which estrogens may directly impact iron homeostasis through hepcidin. Diabetologia 61, 18811883 (2018). In men, the deficiency decreases sperm and testosterone production from the testicles. The change in stress hormones can also affect the iron transport process; serum iron is positively related to insulin and blood glucose, suggesting that iron overload may be a risk factor for increased risk of diabetes5,6. 7 Common Progesterone Deficiency Symptoms Here are some common progesterone deficiency symptoms: Difficulty maintaining sleep Symptoms of estrogen excess despite normal estrogen levels Anxiety Depression Abnormal weight gain Inability to lose weight Fatigue Headaches Joint or muscle pain Sensitivity to touch Lack of Google Scholar. After 810h of fasting overnight, the pregnant women who had good sleep in the previous night sat in the rest room of the hospital at 8:00 in the morning for 30min, and all the venous blood was collected at 8:30 in the morning, and then 75g of OGTT was performed. Being pale or having yellow "sallow" skin, Shortness of breath or chest pain, especially with activity, Looking for abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract - upper and lower endoscopy (looking into the stomach, esophagus, or colon with a tube), capsule enteroscopy (swallowing a tiny camera that takes images of the gastrointestinal tract), barium enema, barium swallow, or small bowel biopsy, Testing the urine for blood or hemoglobin, In women with abnormal or increased menstrual blood losses, a gynecologic evaluation that may include a pelvic ultrasound or uterine biopsy, Meat: beef, pork, or lamb, especially organ meats such as liver, Poultry: chicken, turkey, and duck, especially liver and dark meat, Fish, especially shellfish, sardines, and anchovies, Leafy green members of the cabbage family including broccoli, kale, turnip greens, and collard greens, Legumes, including lima beans, peas, pinto beans, and black-eyed peas, Iron-enriched pastas, grains, rice, and cereals. FOIA ), Children who drink more than 16 to 24 ounces a day of cow's milk (Cow's milk not only contains little iron, but it can also decrease absorption of iron and irritate the intestinal lining causing chronic blood loss. In patients such as men, postmenopausal women, or younger women with severe anemia, the doctor may recommend additional testing. Estrogen is a sex hormone thats necessary for maintaining your sexual and reproductive health. The site is secure. 15 (2020). Some studies have found that iron deficiency can increase glycosylated hemoglobin and blood glucose25. Despite its small size, the pituitary gland creates and releases a number of hormones that act on nearly every part of your body. Search for other works by this author on: On risks and benefits of iron supplementation recommendations for iron intake revisited. Neuhouser ML, Aragaki AK, Prentice RL, et al. But high levels of estrogen can cause: If youre assigned male at birth and concerned about your estrogen levels, speak with an endocrinologist or a functional medicine specialist for help. WebTotal body iron is about 3.5 g in healthy men and 2.5 g in women; the difference relates to women's smaller body size and dearth of stored iron because of iron loss due to menses. Foods like dairy, nuts and seeds, legumes, and some fruits and vegetables are said to have high phytoestrogen levels. Recently estrogen has been implicated in non-human models of iron homeostasis. Studying iron in women who ta High iron levels in women of post-reproductive age may be related to their increased risk of chronic disease as they become older, but the causes of this rise in iron in late life is unclear. The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testicles. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between iron metabolism index and stress hormones, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. The ever-changing highs Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 02/09/2022. We aimed to evaluate the effects of four TMD types, containing low and high amounts of Bacillus species and biogenic amines (HBHA, HBLA, LBHA, and LBLA), on energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism, by 2021 L Street NW, Suite 900,Washington, DC 20036, Phone 202-776-0544Toll Free 866-828-1231Fax 202-776-0545, Copyright 2023 by American Society of Hematology, Support Opportunities|Privacy Policy|Terms of Service|Contact Us, Helping hematologists conquer blood diseases worldwide, pregnant or breastfeeding or those who have recently given birth, transferrin or total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), Women who menstruate, particularly if menstrual periods are heavy, People who have undergone major surgery or physical trauma, People with gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac disease (sprue), inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis, or Crohn disease, People who have undergone bariatric procedures, especially gastric bypass operations, Vegetarians, vegans, and other people whose diets do not include iron-rich foods (Iron from vegetables, even those that are iron-rich, is not absorbed as well as iron from meat, poultry, and fish. Headaches may be a symptom of iron deficiency, although more research is needed on the connection between dopamine dysfunction, estrogen levels, and iron There are several ways to increase iron intake: The amount of iron needed to treat patients with iron deficiency is higher than the amount found in most daily multivitamin supplements. A variety of factors can contribute to high estrogen, including: Medications: Hormone therapy to boost low estrogen levels may cause your levels to become too high at first. It may take some time to get the dosage right. (high-dose oral contraceptives/birth control pills) Body fat: Fat tissue ( adipose tissue) secretes estrogen. Generalized hypopituitarism. The results of this study showed that serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation in GDM patients increased, which may be due to the continuous hyperglycemia of GDM patients affecting the change in iron metabolism, and promoting the deposition of iron in the body. All markers were detected according to the instruction of the kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). Expression and function of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 isoforms in transformed endometriotic and malignant ovarian cells. some gnarly endometriosis symptoms. This treatment involves taking testosterone to develop secondary sex characteristics like more muscle mass and facial and body hair. Ma, W. et al. Women and men may experience a lower sex drive, infertility or fatigue. Brain iron metabolism and its perturbation in neurological diseases. Severe side effects other than allergic reactions are rare and include urticaria (hives), pruritus (itching), and muscle and joint pain. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between iron index and stress hormones. Night This sometimes occurs in people who engage in vigorous exercise, particularly jogging. High, but stable, trend in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a population-based study in Xiamen, China. Iron and fecundity among Tsimane' women of Bolivia. Iron chelation and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. A, The liver produces hepcidin, a peptide hormone that inhibits the ferroportin iron exporter to decrease the flow of iron (Fe) into the plasma from the absorption across the small intestine and from iron stores in macrophages and hepatocytes. High levels of vitamin D, in conjunction with estrogen, could help protect the metabolic health of postmenopausal women. The role of iron and nerve inflammation in diabetes mellitus type 2-induced peripheral neuropathy. GDM women were 2536 years of age, and they were categorized into four groups: 2427 years of age (17 GDM women), 2730 years of age (16 GDM women), 3033 years of age (20 GDM women), and 3335 years of age (22 GDM women), and pregnant women were invited to participate in the control group if they match the age of GDM group. The Lancet. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This causes abnormal exhaustion, lethargy, and weakness. 2 Anemia can also cause heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and an increased risk for infections. Excess iron in vital organs, even in mild cases of iron overload, increases the risk for liver disease (cirrhosis, cancer), heart failure, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, hypothyroidism, If high estrogen levels increase your cancer risk or worsen cancer you already have, your provider may recommend more aggressive treatments. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Lab Invest. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. Function. 9, 13541359 (2018). CAS The comparison of the mean between two groups was conducted by two independent samples T test, and the data of non-normal distribution were compared after logarithmic transformation. In addition to tumors, certain diseases or events that cause damage to the pituitary gland may also trigger hypopituitarism. Regul. J. Diabetes Investig. Iron is an essential trace element that is required for human life and tightly regulated in the plasma between 1030 m (4). Glucose dysregulation in patients with iron overload: is there a relationship with quantitative pancreas and liver iron and fat content measured by MRI? Elevated TIBC means that you have high levels von dry. Evol Med Public Health. Influence of different diagnostic criteria on gestational diabetes mellitus incidence and medical expenditures in China. It remains to be seen whether the effect of estradiol on hepcidin expression is robust enough to substantially alter iron homeostasis in vivo. Low iron levels can maintain to irons deficiency anemia, ampere condition in which your body doesnt have adequately iron to make healthy red red cells. WebIron deficiency anemia can be a significant problem when you're trying to conceive or going into a pregnancy, but even without overt iron deficiency anemia, your iron levels can still have an effect. Most people with iron deficiency need 150-200 mg per day of elemental iron (2 to 5 mg of iron per kilogram of body weight per day). When at isnt way iron to attach to, youll have a site of release transferrin in your blood. We demonstrated This study also found that SF and TS were positively correlated with MDA, negatively related to SOD, and positively correlated with HOMA-IR, which suggested that the increase in iron storage may aggravate oxidative stress injury and promote the occurrence of stress-adaptive disorder, thus increasing insulin resistance and promoting the occurrence and development of GDM. Publication types The site is secure. Age-Related Changes and Sex-Related Differences in Brain Iron Metabolism. In women, the deficiency decreases egg and estrogen production from the ovaries. Accessibility (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29800559/). 5. Progesterone and estrogen signaling in the endometrium: what goes wrong in endometriosis?. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 116, 117, 120, 136 Almost all of the women in these studies had moderate or severe gRLS. When the secreted insulin cannot fully compensate for the insulin resistance, the blood glucose will rise, resulting in GDM3. Medication helps replace the missing hormones, which helps control your symptoms. When estrogen is too high or too low you may get menstrual cycle changes, dry skin, hot flashes, trouble sleeping, night sweats, vaginal thinning and dryness, low An important and often overlooked detail is that these two factors interact. Prolactin is made by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized organ There was a positive correlation between HOMA-IR and SF and TS (r=0.34, 0.34). Accessed April 4, 2019. An official website of the United States government. Risberg, A., Sjoquist, M., Wedenberg, K. & Larsson, A. Elevated glucose levels in early puerperium, and association with high cortisol levels during parturition. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Specifically, the authors describe a functional estrogen response element (ERE) half-site in the human hepcidin promoter, and they observe that 24 h after estradiol treatment, hepcidin mRNA are decreased both in vitro in human liver cells and in vivo in mice. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first occurrence during pregnancy1. Biometals 31, 715735 (2018). Consistently high or low levels of estrogen may signal a condition that requires your providers attention. The recent study by Yang et al. In children, GH deficiency may cause growth problems and short stature. Decrease hormone synthesis blockers: unsaturated fats (PUFA), excess estrogen (hormone replacement, birth control, or liver malnutrition to adequately detoxify used estrogen), ultraviolet light, x-rays, and excess iron (from fortified foods, vitamins, or muscle meat heavy diet ). 1992 Aug;65(2):96-102. doi: 10.1007/BF01698138. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2019. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Therefore, copper deficiency leads to iron deficiency. Hypopituitarism. J. Diabetes Complications 29, 943949 (2015). Introduction. The hypothalamus produces hormones of its own that directly affect the activity of the pituitary gland. 2014 Nov 6;9(11):e112216. 1995 Sep;86(3):330-4. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00172-N. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. In some cases, the cause of hypopituitarism is unknown. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112216. However, plasma CP and copper levels can be influenced by other factors, such as estrogen status, pregnancy, infection, inflammation, and some cancers . For instance, you may have a low sex drive because of high estrogen levels, but this is most likely caused by your birth control pills not your bodys natural estrogen. Estrogen helps your body produce serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that helps boost your mood. Estrogen levels rise and fall throughout your life, often in sync with other hormones that control important body processes. This is what causes the anemia, or lack of iron in the blood.. Here, we show that although estrogen decreases Before There are few medications that directly decrease estrogen. Hepcidin and disorders of iron metabolism. Iron deficiency is very common, especially among women and in people who have a diet that is low in iron. and JavaScript. Your provider can help diagnose whats causing your high estrogen levels and recommend treatments that can help. Web13 likes, 1 comments - Jacque Moser (@doc_jacque) on Instagram: " Top causes or estrogen dominance 1. In addition, other studies have shown that iron deficiency can reduce the prevalence of GDM26. Feng, Y., Feng, Q., Lv, Y. et al. Iron overload inhibits late stage autophagic flux leading to insulin resistance. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/generalized-hypopituitarism. An ADH deficiency can cause a disorder called diabetes insipidus, which can cause: Prolactin is the hormone that tells the body when to start making breast milk. SPSS 19.0 statistical analysis software was used to analyze our data, which were represented by meanstandard error of the mean. Article volume10, Articlenumber:17 (2020) Oncotarget. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Compared with Control group, MDA in GDM group is increased (P<0.01); SOD is decreased in GDM group, and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.01), and GSH is decreased slightly, but the difference is not statistically significant (P>0.05) (Table 2). Feng, Y. et al. Unexplained fatigue or For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Its rare for your levels to be high because of the estrogen youre producing. Measuring estrogens in women, men, and children: recent advances 2012-2017. Hyperprolactinemia is a condition in which a person has higher than normal levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Schematic diagram of iron homeostasis, the role of hepcidin, and the hypothetical consequences of an estrogen-induced decrease in hepcidin expression. Fighting age-related orthopedic diseases: focusing on ferroptosis. Possible side effects of iron tablets include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and dark stools. Your estrogen levels may be high because: A variety of factors can contribute to high estrogen, including: High estrogen levels are associated with a variety of conditions. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the WebEstrogen. Hypopituitarism has a number of causes. Pregnant women with 2428 weeks of gestation were selected as the screening objects. It is important to find out why you are anemic and treat the cause as well as the symptoms. Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency and requires prompt medical attention. Abstract Estrogen deficiency has been regarded as the main causative factor in menopausal symptoms and diseases. Estrogen is an important hormone that regulates your reproductive system. Symptoms typically vary, based on which hormone or hormones you are missing. Further clinical studies are required to determine the actual effect of this intervention on hemoglobin levels. 76, 309312 (2016). 8600 Rockville Pike eCollection 2014. Other diseases, such as anemia and infection, may affect serum iron and ferritin that are excluded. An official website of the United States government. We also discuss the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on metabolic disorders. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. and transmitted securely. In addition to elemental iron, the iron salt content (ferrous sulfate, fumarate, or gluconate) may also be listed on the package, which can make it confusing for consumers to know how many tablets or how much liquid to take to get the proper dosage of iron. WebAMAG Pharmaceuticals' Feraheme* (ferumoxytol injection), is approved to treat IDA in adult patients who have an intolerance to oral iron or have had an unsatisfactory response to oral iron, or who have chronic kidney disease.2 The overall global IV iron market is over a one billion dollar market and continues to grow.3 "As the first generic high dose IV iron eCollection 2018 Jan 12. Would you like email updates of new search results? Our previous study found that stress-adaptive disorder plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes4. 2023 Mar 1;11(1):12. doi: 10.1038/s41413-023-00247-y. Rev. Support the metabolism: Once your provider identifies whats causing your estrogen to be high, they can recommend treatments that make your symptoms more manageable. (2019). WebIron overload can occur in people of any age, any ethnicity, or gender; iron overload is a condition of excess (too much) iron in the body. J. Clin. From January to November 2019, routine obstetric examination was carried out in Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai. Accessibility J. Diabetes 43, 567572 (2019). Policy. Premenopausal nonpregnant women are often deficient in iron, and postmenopausal women have higher levels of iron (3) and a much lower recommended daily allowance of iron intake (1). Hypopituitarism is when you have a short supply (deficiency) of one or more of the pituitary hormones. TS is positively related to E and cortisol in two groups (P<0.05); the same trend occurred in TS and NE in both groups, but there is no significant difference (P>0.05) (Table 4). Because iron is tightly conserved with low levels of excretion, menstrual blood flow represents a significant source of iron loss from the body (1, 2). But even postmenopausal women can be affected by this condition, since, in many cases, it develops slowly over a long period of The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the WebTraditionally made doenjang (TMD) produced by the long-term fermentation of soybeans with salt may improve symptoms of estrogen deficiency. If you have too much copper, it inhibits the detoxification of estrogen from the body (which coincidentally, happens mostly in the liver). Eur. Signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism vary from person to person, depending on which pituitary hormones are affected and to what degree. We aimed to evaluate the effects of four TMD types, containing low and high amounts of Bacillus species and biogenic amines (HBHA, HBLA, LBHA, and LBLA), on energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism, by Recent advances in the ability to measure circulating hepcidin (4) may allow future studies to validate these effects in vivo in humans and determine the potential relationship between hepcidin and age-related diseases. Influence of iron deficiency anemia on hemoglobin A1c levels in diabetic individuals with controlled plasma glucose levels. Kellerman RD, et al. This observation has led us to hypothesize that, in addition to estrogen deficiency, increased iron as a result of menopause could be a risk factor affecting the health of postmenopausal women. Careers. Brand: Slow Fe. However, all measurements were taken only 24 h after estradiol injection (3). Iron deficiency affects approximately one-third of the worlds population, and is the most common nutritional deficiency [].Iron deficiency is most common in rapidly growing children (aged 6 months to 3 years) who have inadequate intake of dietary iron [].Iron deficiency is the only micronutrient deficiency that also has a Paeschke, S. et al. 17-Estradiol inhibits iron hormone hepcidin through an estrogen responsive element half-site. In addition, hormone replacement therapy may impact the effect of dietary iron on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women (14), and ferritin levels are predictive of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women (15). This causes symptoms such as: This hormone helps your adrenal glands work properly, and helps your body react to stress. In an individual who is anemic from iron deficiency, these tests usually show the following results: The peripheral smear or blood slide may show small, oval-shaped cells with pale centers. Studying iron in women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may provide insight into the relationship between iron status and hormonal status in older women. The food you eat can impact the way your body produces hormones or even contain hormones. TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Iron regulation of pancreatic beta-cell functions and oxidative stress. 2023 Feb 26;12(3):583. doi: 10.3390/antiox12030583. A third showed that iron deficiency anemia was a risk factor for gRLS (OR 2.05). Kirwan, J. P. et al. There are two main types of estrogen therapy: Systemic hormone therapy. Neuroscience 406, 496509 (2019). However, the specific factors involved in the pathophysiological process of GDM and the principle of molecular mechanism are not clear at present. 2021 Oct 15;12(10):1622-1654. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1622. Akkad AA, Habiba MA, Ismail N, Abrams K, al-Azzawi F. Obstet Gynecol. You may need medicine if you have cancer spreading in response to estrogen exposure. If you have hypopituitarism, you'll likely need to take medication for the rest of your life. Aljwaid, H. et al. WebEstrogen actions in pancreatic islet -cells also regulate insulin secretion, nutrient homeostasis, and survival. Hyperprolactinemia can lead to menstrual disturbances, estrogen deficiency and testosterone deficiency, infertility, and breast milk production (galactorrhea). Disclosure Summary: The author has nothing to disclose. 2023 Jan 4;15(2):260. doi: 10.3390/nu15020260. They are sometimes subtle and may be overlooked for months or even years. All hypothesis tests were performed bilaterally. Some patients may have an allergic reaction to IV iron, so a test dose may be administered before the first infusion. In some cases your doctor may recommend intravenous (IV) iron. If youre a trans man or nonbinary person with a vagina, high estrogen levels may prevent your body from having the physical appearance youd like. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). After menopause, high levels are more common if you have overweight/obesity. In severe iron deficiency, thewhite blood count (WBC)may be low and theplatelet countmay be high or low. government site. The occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus is a very complex process, which is affected by many factors in its development. Women using oral contraceptives have higher levels of iron (6, 7), and this effect may be due in part to the mechanism described by Yang et al. Stress- adaptive disorder may be one of the important factors leading to the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus, and the change in iron metabolism may play an important role in its occurrence and development. WebHaving a high percentage of body fat can lead to high estrogen levels. To obtain Comp. Its more likely that your estrogen levels are high because of medications youre taking. This interaction largely consists of estrogen effects on menstrual blood flow, a major source of iron loss in premenopausal women (1, 2).
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