Rainfall is scanty or absent in early dry season (December-January). The Heera2 (HS-273) is the most popular indica hybrid rice variety, imported from China and occupied about 70% of total hybrid rice cultivated area in Bangladesh. Arch. This was entirely predictable, it just hasnt been talked about. W. Yang, S. Peng, R. C. Laza, R. M. Visperas, and M. L. Dionisio-Sese, Grain yield and yield attributes of new plant type and hybrid rice, Crop Science, vol. The unit plot size was 20m2 (5.0m 4.0m). [citation needed], Pakistan is a multilingual country with dozens of languages spoken as first languages. SchulI, W.J. Plants of 12 hills from each plot were harvested at maturity to record the yield contributing components. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority. Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/, World Bank. WebFor context, some statistics: In Pakistan, close to 70% of the population is inbred In England, half of Pakistani immigrants are married to first cousins In Denmark, around 40% are inbred. 61, no. On the other hand, Yan et al. Slatis, H.M., Reis, R.H. and Hoene, R.E. [6] This meant that the total population of Pakistan in 2017 was 213,222,917. A Birmingham study proved that the relationship of parents significantly and adversely affected the child, the total prevalence of congenital malformations and handicap of 9% in the consanguineous group (mainly Pakistanis settled in the UK) as compared to 3% in the general population. Table of Contents Inbreeding statistics by state The U.S has a low inbreeding rate of about 0.1 to 0.2% only There are only 18 states listed to have inbreeding cases on The Devastating Effect Of Muslim Inbreeding, Copyright 2017 2021 | AltNewsMedia Ltd. AltNewsMedia uses cookies to improve your experience. Web70% of marriages in Pakistan are believed to be inbred. 0.2g in the hybrids for rising average daily temperature 1C from 29C while this reduction rate was negligible in the inbred rice variety (Figure 3). Postheading crop growth rate as an index of plant productivity in grain filling period was calculated as the increase of plant dry matter per unit time and measured by taking the total dry matter at heading and at maturity [35]. Dis. K. Katsura, S. Maeda, T. Horie, and T. Shiraiwa, Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a hybrid rice recently bred in China, Field Crops Research, vol. Grey, R.F. 4849, 2001. 10.2% and 2.4% in the tested hybrid and inbred rice varieties, respectively (Figure 2, Table 7). 363370, 2008. However, the maximum LAI was recorded from Heera2 (6.36) at heading stage followed by BRRI hybrid dhan2 (5.94) while it was significantly lower in BRRI dhan45 (5.10) at 20 December planting of 2008-09. Individual grain weight remained unchanged in hybrids at delayed planting indicating that physiological activity of the sink was not affected significantly due to rising temperature. B. C. Nayak, B. B. Chakrabarti, P. K. Aggarwal, S. D. Singh, S. Nagarajan, and H. Pathak, Impact of high temperature on pollen germination and spikelet sterility in rice: comparison between basmati and non-basmati varieties, Crop and Pasture Science, vol. Languages of Pakistan. "Pakistan: Fertility Rate from 2010 to 2020. 219225, 1992. As a consequence, yield of hybrid varieties decreased rapidly compared to the inbred under delayed planting. [4] The census also reported that Azad Kashmir's population stood at 4,045,367[5] and Gilgit-Baltistan's population was 1,492,924. Non-Western immigrants are 300% more likely to fail the intelligence test for entrance into the Danish Army. 9. [87], Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. 919, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2002. Tang et al. [22] and Yang et al. Rice production has to be increased 1% per annum to deliver sufficient rice for an evergrowing population of rice-consuming countries [1]. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Poor grain filling is the cause of poor grain yield in hybrids [8, 10, 23]. The UK Biobank is known to have over-representation from healthy and highly educated individuals which likely biases our estimates., Highly inbred individuals who suffer severe health consequences may be less likely to participate in a study such as the U.K. Biobank, the studys authors wrote. Current photosynthate accumulation panicle1 (CPA) was computed using the following formula: Collected data were put to analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and the means were compared by the Duncan multiple range test (DMRT), using the statistical computer package program MSTAT-C [37]. There was no significant difference among the tested hybrid and inbred varieties with respect to flag leaf photosynthetic rates at different days after flowering except at 23 days after flowering. 211, pp. Even among Pakistanis, Mirpur is considered uncivilized. An enquiry into history of exposure to any factor known to cause congenital malformations was also made and families with such ahistoty were excluded from the study. In certain Indian communities, uncle-niece relationship is the commonest13, where as, preference is given to first cousin marriages in Pakistan (82% in our series) and Saudi Arabia14. (March 30, 2023). The populatio is being affected by this. Murdock, G.P 1967. [45][46][47] Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks and others. S. V. K. Jagadish, P. Q. Craufurd, and T. R. Wheeler, High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. In Pakistan, the numbers approach 70%. I. Oh-e, K. Saitoh, and T. Kuroda, Effects of rising temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field, in Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Poster no. 811817, 2004. These are some maps of religious minority groups. 3, p. 33, 2009, Regd no. 135138, 1999. Leaf area (LA) was measured by an automatic leaf area meter (Model: LI-3100, Li-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA.) Both the hybrids, Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2, clearly superseded the elite inbred BRRI dhan45 in respect of assimilate remobilization from shoot reserve in early planting (Table 6). [83] Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax. Who is the most inbred person? Risks in consanguineous marriages: An isonymic study. This study reports the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and its effect on the prevalence of congenital gross malformations in Northern Pakistan, a region which has, probably, the highest coefficient of inbreeding in the world. Researchers Find 13,200 Cases Of U.K. Inbreeding And Think The True Number Is Even Higher. The team also found that the progeny of inbreeding had a 44 percent increased risk of disease of any kind in comparison to those born to unrelated parents. WebThe total fertility rate in Pakistan decreased by 0.1 children per woman (-2.76 percent) since the previous year. Correlation and regression analyses were done using Microsoft Excel software. Studied hybrids exhibited 7.5% higher shoot reserve translocation to grain over inbred BRRI dhan45 at all planting dates except 5 February planting and the magnitude of decreasing assimilate remobilization rate to grain was steeper in hybrids and was in the order of Heera2 (60%) > BRRI hybrid dhan2 (41%) > inbred BRRI dhan45 (19%). Inbreeding significantly (P<0.01) affected birth and 60 days weight. Sennels states that the ability to enjoy and produce knowledge and abstract thinking is simply lower in the Islamic world an example being that the entire Arab world translates only 330 books a year, roughly 20% of Greece alone. Filled grain percentage of inbred BRRI dhan45 was more or less stable at different planting dates. After 1984 nineteen rounds of PDS were completed till 2007. A study done on various isonymic groups in Pakistan16 showed the highest coefficient of inbreeding in Khokhars (0.05 120) and the lowest in Mughals (0.0 175). Forty percent (1530 out of 3820) of related parents had congenital nalfonnations in their children (Figure 2) Over 40% of patients in Denmarks largest ward for clinically insane criminals have immigrant backgrounds. In, World Bank. [41] reported that hybrid rice contains higher amounts of chlorophyll in their leaves. A. Abou Khalifa, Physiological evaluation of some hybrid rice varieties under different sowing dates, Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. WebA 2009 study put the percentage of consanguine (blood related) marriages in Libya at 48.4%. Temperature, solar radiation, and sunshine hours gradually increase from January to April. On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. S. Q. Cao, Y. Q. Zhao, J. L. Wen, S. A. Wang, and R. X. Zhang, Studies on photosynthesis in flag leaves and its relation to grain filling course of high yield wheat, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, vol. 6, pp. Yang et al. Z. Sarker, S. Murayama, Y. Ishimine, and E. Tsuzuki, Heterosis in photosynthetic characters and dry matter production in F1 hybrids of rice, Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai Koenkai Yoshi, Shiryoshu, vol. S. H. Cheng, L. Y. Cao, S. G. Chen et al., Conception of late-stage vigor super hybrid rice and its biological significance, Chinese Journal of Rice Science, vol. WebPercentage Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group and Sex Pakistan Demographic Survey (PDS), 2020 is the twentieth round of a series of surveys, initiated in 1984. A staff writer for All Thats Interesting, Marco Margaritoff has also published work at outlets including People, VICE, and Complex, covering everything from film to finance to technology. In the Middle East, it has been invogue for thousands of years2 and approximately 6,5%. Other sub-dialects are Kalati (Qalati), Chagai-Kharani and Panjguri. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas. The overall prevalence of congenital malformations in children of related parents was 40% (1530 out of 3820) and in non-related parents 26% (305 out of 1180) (p=<0.01). 17, no. The inbreeding of 76% in this sutdy corresponds with that of Darr and Model17 who found 75% consanguinity in Pakistanis settled in U.K. Inbreeding doubles the chances of still birth, and increases the chance of death during labour by 50%. The countries of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have high rates of incest. window.mc4wp.listeners.push( 170177, 2007. There was no significant preference for marriage towards paternal side, maternal side orboth, as the percentage ratio of first cousins, second cousins and distant related couples was nearly the same in all the groups (Table III). and Thompson, MW Genetics, in medicine. This result was at par with the findings of Laza et al. Chlorophyll a:b ratio of the flag leaf was higher in both the hybrids. Distinct urban-rural differentials emerged. A. W. Julfiquar, M. J. Hasan, A. K. Azad, and A. M. Nurunnab, Research and development of hybrid rice in Bangladesh, in Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh: Progress and Future Strategies, pp. A. W. Julfiquar, BRRI: research and development of hybrid rice, The Guardian, vol. It is spoken as a first language by almost 39% of Pakistanis. Pediatr. Keeping the above facts in mind, the present investigation was undertaken to study source-sink relation, shoot reserve translocation, source activity, and yield attributes of hybrid rice varieties at gradually rising temperature environments in order to clarify whether the greater accumulated biomass induced-higher remobilization or postheading photosynthetic capability plays a key role in the higher yield of hybrids. There are a lot of birth defects. ), Also spoken in: China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)", Definitely endangered "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home", Severely endangered "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves", Critically endangered "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently", Extinct "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s", This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 20:57. 7, pp. 1, pp. 238244, 2009. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set WebThe Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Bundey, S., Alam, H., Kaur, A. eta!. Perinatal malformation related mortality has recently been studied in Europeans and Pakistanis settled abroad7-9 (Table).One evident factorwas the different inbreeding coefficient of the two populations which probably was responsible for such significantly different results. [18], Jeng et al. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. [88] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[89], The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[90]. [49] There are also smaller groups of Muslim immigrants from countries such as Burma, Bangladesh, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, among others. [8] reported that hybrid rice had higher productivity after heading but translocation of assimilates was inefficient (source use efficiency). 34253429, 2007. For rising average daily temperature 1C from 29C, shoot reserve remobilization to the grain decreased at the rate of ca. The group of parents with malformed children was defined as malformation group, whereas, the parents with no abnormalities in their children acted as comparison group for the purpose of statistical analysis. [36]: 2, pp. 113117, 2002. The preanthesis shoot (stem + leaf) reserve translocation was calculated by net loss in dry weight of vegetative organs between preanthesis and maturity [33]. Pakistan's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is in the medium human development category with a score of 0.560 (152nd rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.614 (135th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.647 (129th rank) for India. Chances of muscular atrophy are 18x higher. Inbreeding is seen as a stereotype by the people of the region. H. J. Ao, S. H. Wang, Y. 15. 28, no. For a general overview of the citizens of Pakistan, see. M. R. C. Laza, S. Peng, S. Akita, and H. Saka, Contribution of biomass partitioning and translocation to grain yield under sub-optimum growing conditions in irrigated rice, Plant Production Science, vol. The Middle East has a common practice of cousin marriage. [3] The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. Even among Pakistanis, Mirpur is considered uncivilized. The reason could be the parents influence dominating the choice of the marnage partners. An almost similar trend was found in the case of panicle numbers m2. 33, no. Related Topics . 4752, 1998. Plants from the central 6m2 undisturbed area in each plot were harvested at maturity and grain yields were recorded. However, relatively high temperature impaired slow rate of remobilization and transportation of assimilates ultimately causes rapid reduction of the percentage of filled grain in the hybrids compared to the inbred variety. The frequency of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis, J. WebA 2005 BBC survey found that 55 percent of Britains huge Pakistani population was married to a first cousin. 48, no. The fertility rate data recorded in these surveys is displayed in the table below. Flag leaves from the main tiller of five representative plants of each plot were used to measure photosynthetic rate with a portable photosynthesis analyzer (Model: LI-6400, Li-COR Inc. USA) at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering under clear sunshine from 11.00 am to 12.30 pm when photosynthetically active radiation at the top of the canopy ranged from 1300 to 1400molm2s1. Occasional papers, second series, No.4, London, Gallon Institute, 1992. callback: cb Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. The sample plan was designed to have an adequate representation of all the socioeconomical and demographic groups. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. This situation was aggravated by the rising temperature in delayed plantings. Genet., 1990;27:348-52. In the present investigation flag leaf of the tested hybrid varieties contained higher amounts of chlorophyll and maintained higher chlorophyll a:b ratio over elite inbred BRRI dhan45. 3442, 2006. The PDHS also showed that compared to the women who married at 18 years of age, the percentage of those who were married to first cousins was slightly lower among those married at older ages. 3, pp. This improvement is not always translated to the grain yield and its physiological causes are still unclear. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Otorhinolaryn., 1984;18:97-106. The photosynthetic rate of flag leaf significantly increased at flowering and then decreased rapidly in delayed planting (Table 4). Inbreeding is common in the southeast region and more rural states, such as Eastern Kentucky. 19, pp. 6, pp. Both the hybrid varieties showed relatively higher postheading-CGR at early planting due to their higher LAI at the grain filling period. When they were bought into UK they were not educated nor assimilated. [56], Urdu () is the national language ( ) and lingua franca of Pakistan. If you appreciated this article and would like to support us, would you consider a one off small donation? By 2025, You May Be Able To Stay In A Luxury Space Hotel Named After A Nazi. listeners: [], S. Peng, J. Yang, F. V. Gracia et al., Physiology-based crop management for yield maximization of hybrid rice, in Advances in Hybrid Rice, S. S. Virmani, E. A. Siddiq, and K. Muralidaran, Eds., pp. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. [58][59], No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants (known as Muhajirs) in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947. This poor filled grain percentage was associated with lower postheading crop growth rate and also related to failure of assimilates supply to the spikelets due to rising temperature. ", World Bank, Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 [Graph], World Bank, March 30, 2023. Weather conditions of the experimental seasons are shown in Table 2. In Pakistan , the numbers approach 70%. In 1,200 years just 100,000 books have been translated into Arabic, a number achieved by Spain every year. [48] reported that higher temperature limits the assimilate supply to meet the demand of grains. Pakistan. Pakistan's population is distributed unevenly, with over half of the country's people living in the Punjab province. 2-3, pp. Perinatal mortality in different ethnic groups. It might be due to the intrinsic genetic trait or well adaptability of inbred BRRI dhan5 to environmental conditions.
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